Introduction: In the agricultural environment, there are numerous hazards that affect respiratory health. Methods: We analyzed respiratory health data collected in 2010 via questionnaire from a cohort of workers enrolled in the Agricultural Social Security Scheme across five departments in metropolitan France (the Coset-MSA pilot cohort), and described associations with certain occupational characteristics (employee/self-employed, primary farm production). Results: The prevalence of current asthma was estimated at 4% or 6.1% depending on the definition used, and that of chronic cough or sputum production at 8.3%. After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and smoking status, analyses restricted to employees in agriculture, fishing, or forestry and to self-employed individuals showed increased prevalences of current asthma and chronic cough or sputum production among employees compared to self-employed individuals. The highest prevalence of asthma was observed in non-agricultural activities, and that of chronic cough or sputum production in the livestock sector. However, the observed differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrates that it is possible to establish epidemiological surveillance of respiratory health among members of the French Agricultural Social Security Scheme. This surveillance will continue using data from the national expansion of the Coset-MSA cohort, for which recruitment was completed in 2018.