This article presents the health characteristics of adults in France with end-stage chronic kidney disease (ESCD) who are on dialysis or have had a functioning kidney transplant for at least one year. The data are based on the Quavi-REIN study, a representative national survey of people with ESCD conducted in 2011. The sample consisted of 1,251 people on dialysis and 1,658 transplant recipients. The mean age at the start of the first renal replacement therapy was 63.9 years for dialysis patients and 45.9 years for transplant recipients (p<0.0001). The duration of renal replacement therapy was on average 6 years [min: 1.5; max: 37.5] for dialysis patients and 10 years [1.5; 39.8] for transplant recipients. The average duration of dialysis prior to transplantation was 2.6 years. Dialysis patients had, on average, more comorbidities (2.6 comorbidities in addition to their CRF vs. 1.8 comorbidities; p<0.0001). Dialysis patients had greater difficulty adhering to their medication regimen than transplant recipients (p=0.0038). However, 11% of transplant recipients reported having difficulty adhering to their immunosuppressive therapy. No causal relationship can be established; therefore, longitudinal analyses are encouraged to study the impact of the type of renal replacement therapy on various clinical and other outcomes.