Based on data from the population registries of the Francim network, this study aims to provide updated estimates of observed and net survival at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years following a diagnosis of malignant hematological disease, and to present trends in survival over time. In addition, for the first time in France, estimates of 15-year survival are provided. This study covers 35,520 new cases of malignant hematologic diseases (classified into 16 distinct clinical entities), aged 15 years or older, diagnosed between 1989 and 2010 in 16 metropolitan departments. For the 2005–2010 period, the 5-year standardized net survival ranges from 22% for acute myeloid leukemias to 87% for marginal zone lymphoma. Seven of the sixteen malignant hematologic diseases studied (representing 45.5% of incident cases) have a favorable prognosis (5-year standardized net survival of 75% or higher). Conversely, two types (accounting for 10% of new cases) have an unfavorable prognosis (5-year standardized net survival below 33%). Overall, there is a slight difference in survival by sex, and survival decreases with age, particularly for the most aggressive types. An improvement in 5-year net survival is observed for several hematologic malignancies and is significant for chronic myeloid leukemia, follicular lymphoma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. These improvements are observed in both sexes and across all age groups except for follicular lymphoma (improvement beginning at age 55). Access to and use of new, effective, and less toxic treatments could largely explain these findings. For the other hematologic malignancies studied, the improvement in survival over time is less pronounced but remains detectable, including for aggressive diseases in young patients with acute myeloid leukemia or lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma.