For a long time, sexuality was rarely the subject of quantitative studies. It was not until the emergence of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the early 1990s that a follow-up was conducted to the first survey on sexual behavior carried out twenty years earlier by Pierre Simon and his team. The objectives of this new survey were strongly shaped by the epidemiological context, as the goal was “to collect basic information on the population’s sexual behaviors, useful for developing more effective AIDS prevention strategies.” At the same time, surveys on knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and sexual behaviors regarding HIV infection emerged, initiated by the World Health Organization, whose model was adopted and adapted to different populations over time (the general population, gay men, migrants). The smooth conduct of these surveys very quickly demonstrated that it was possible to discuss sexuality, even if, at least initially, the strongest justification for this intrusion into a domain that remains intimate was indeed a public health concern, one widely shared by the respondents. The subsequent inclusion of questions regarding sexuality in general health surveys (the INSEE Decennial Survey, the INPES Health Barometer), along with the low rate of refusal to answer these questions, demonstrates that today it has become possible to discuss one’s sexuality within the context of a survey.[excerpt from chapter]