Urine cytological and bacteriological testing is the primary microbiological service provided by private medical testing laboratories. The study conducted in 1995 confirms the growing prevalence of antibiotic resistance among Enterobacteriaceae in community practice and the importance of regularly monitoring this trend. Epidemiological studies conducted by a network of laboratories throughout France can thus help guide the adaptation of treatment strategies in community practice, where 70% of the antibiotics used in France are prescribed.