Immediately following the AZF factory accident, the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS) launched an epidemiological surveillance program for the population of Toulouse. The five-year assessment highlights three key findings. Regarding exposure to pollutants dispersed by the explosion, no lasting health consequences have been identified in the population. The various studies conducted, however, highlight the frequency and duration of hearing impairments, as well as the prevalence of mental health issues.