Cycling is extremely widespread in countries around the world. In France, more than half of people aged 15 to 75 ride a bike at least once a year. This trend is driven by several factors: economic (bike-sharing services with moderate usage costs), environmental (a pollution-free alternative), and behavioral (recreational cycling, which provides physical activity). However, cycling also carries a risk of accidents. Focusing solely on fatal accidents, road safety authorities report approximately 160 cycling-related deaths in France each year, and this figure appears to be rising. Santé publique France has decided to commission a literature review of scientific publications on: the epidemiology of bicycle accidents—circumstances of occurrence in individual and group settings, incidence, severity, and sociodemographic characteristics of those involved; prevention strategies to avoid these accidents, detailing their nature (individual, group) and the actions implemented to carry them out and their impact. This study focuses primarily on France and countries with comparable levels of development since 1990. The risk factors identified in the literature are mainly behavioral factors (risk-taking, alcohol consumption), factors related to road infrastructure (bike lanes, speed of motor vehicles), or factors related to equipment (poor bicycle maintenance, lack of lighting). Other factors such as failure to wear a helmet, the size of motor vehicles, or alcohol consumption are associated with more severe accidents. Education and training programs have proven effective, particularly among younger people, in preventing accidents. The presence of bike lanes appears to reduce the risk of collision with another vehicle, though the complexity of road markings or certain intersections may diminish these potential benefits. Data from the literature show that wearing a helmet significantly reduces the severity of head injuries in the event of an accident. French legislation recently made helmet use mandatory for children under 12 when cycling. An assessment of the impact of this measure will precede its potential extension to adults. Given the growing popularity of cycling, the issue of cyclist safety is essential, and a multifaceted approach is necessary to develop effective solutions—based on scientific evaluations and cost-benefit analyses—at both the individual and societal levels, for safety measures implemented to prevent serious injuries.