The Health Barometers were established in the early 1990s. For nearly twenty years, these epidemiological surveillance surveys have made it possible to track the main behaviors, attitudes, and perceptions related to risk-taking and the health status of the population residing in metropolitan France: smoking, alcohol use and use of other drugs, vaccination practices, sexual behavior, cancer screening, physical activity, nutrition, quality of life, sleep, accidents, pain, healthcare utilization, mental health... The Health Barometers, whether multi-thematic or single-thematic (cancer, nutrition, environment), are thus very useful tools for the implementation of public health initiatives by government authorities. By their very nature, the Health Barometers are designed to be repeated over time, using the same methodology and the same questionnaires, in order to track changes in key health-related behaviors and attitudes. It is this commitment to methodological consistency that has guided the use of telephone surveys since the first Health Barometer, even though recent developments in telephony in France have led to significant adjustments, which will be described in detail in this chapter. Thus, following the first edition in 2005, the 2010 edition of the Cancer Barometer was developed with the aim of refining certain methodological elements to enhance their relevance.[chapter excerpt]