In mainland France, the estimated number of new cases of myelodysplastic syndromes in 2018 was 4,735, including 2,894 cases in men and 1,841 cases in women. Key points: Intermediate prognosis with a 5-year standardized net survival rate of 51% for individuals diagnosed between 2010 and 2015; Higher 5-year net survival among younger individuals: 57% at age 60 versus 42% at age 80; Higher 1-year and 5-year net survival in women, regardless of age at diagnosis; Stability in 1-year, 5-year, and 10-year net survival over the 2005–2015 period for all ages.