Participation in cervical cancer screening remains low in many countries. Testing for high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) using self-collected samples could be an alternative to the Pap test. Our objective was to compare the diagnostic performance of two vaginal self-sampling (VSS) methods—a dry swab (VSS-Dry) or a swab with liquid transport medium (VSS-Liquid)—for the detection of cervical HR-HPV infections, compared with a clinician-performed cervical liquid-based cytology (CBC-Liquid). Women aged 20 to 65 were recruited during outpatient visits to gynecology or family planning clinics or at health screening centers between September 2009 and March 2011. HPV testing was performed on each specimen (3 per woman). Of the 734 women included, results for all 3 HPV tests were available for 722. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting HR-HPV in APV-Sec were estimated at 88.7% and 92.5%, respectively; they were 87.4% and 90.9% for APV-Liq. Among the 27 low-grade cytological lesions, 25 were HPV-HR+ for all 3 samples. Among 6 high-grade lesions, all were HPV-HR+ for dry APV, and 1 was HPV-HR- on liquid APV and liquid PCC. Dry APV is an effective method for detecting cervical HPV-HR infections. Its effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in reaching women who do not undergo FCU in an organized screening program must be evaluated before this test can be used on a large scale. (R.A.)