Background: universal antenatal HIV screening programmes are an effective method of preventing mother-to-child transmission. Aims: to assess the coverage and yield of the French programme on a nationally representative sample of pregnant women, and predictive factors for being unscreened or missing information on the performance/ result of a HIV test. Methods: data came from the medical records of women included in the cross-sectional 2016 French National Perinatal Survey. We calculated odds ratios (OR) to identify factors for being unscreened for HIV and for missing information by multivariable analyses. Results: of 13,210 women, 12,782 (96.8%) were screened for HIV and 134 (1.0%) were not; information was missing for 294 (2.2%). HIV infection was newly diagnosed in 19/12,769 (0.15%) women screened. The OR for being unscreened was significantly higher in women in legally registered partnerships (OR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1-1.6), with 1-2 years of post-secondary schooling (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2-2.1), part-time employment (OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1-1.8), inadequate antenatal care (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.5-2.4) and receiving care from > 1 provider (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.1-2.8). The OR of missing information was higher in multiparous women (OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.2-1.5) and women cared for by general practitioners (OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1-1.9). Conclusions: the French antenatal HIV screening programme is effective in detecting HIV among pregnant women. However, a few women are still not screened and awareness of the factors that predict this could contribute to improved screening levels.