In Martinique, the 2002 launch of the Cacem waste-to-energy plant at the Trompeuse site in Fort-de-France raised concerns among some local residents, as well as among employees working in the area downwind of the plant’s emissions. A study to assess the potential health risks associated with the operation of this facility was conducted in 2005. Based on the data collected, it appears that the quantities of pollutants emitted from the stack comply with the regulations in effect since 2002. All concentrations measured during the tests comply with the limit values set by prefectural decree. It therefore appears that the risk to the population living or working in areas exposed to the UIOM’s plume is of the same order of magnitude as that estimated by the report of the French Society of Public Health for recent UIOMs. This risk is low since, particularly for cancers, it does not exceed 10⁻⁵ for heavy metals and 1.2 × 10⁻⁵ for dioxins. Considering only inhalation as a source of exposure (the assumption closest to reality), the excess number of cancers in the population exposed to dioxins emitted by the MSW incinerator would be 0.037 cases over 70 years. This study shows that the Cacem MSW incinerator, in its current mode of operation, complies with current regulations. Consequently, the health risks associated with emissions from this plant are very low. Keeping these health risks at a very low level depends on compliance with emission standards.