Introduction: As part of the 2014–2019 National Tobacco Control Program, significant measures were implemented in late 2016: increased reimbursement for nicotine replacement therapies, the “Smoke-Free Month” campaign, and plain packaging. The 2016 Health Barometer survey provides an overview of the situation just before these measures were implemented. Methods: The 2016 Health Barometer is a random telephone survey conducted between January and July among 15,216 people aged 15 to 75 residing in metropolitan France. Results: In France, in 2016, 34.5% of people aged 15–75 smoked tobacco, with 28.7% doing so daily. These prevalence rates have remained stable since 2010, following the increase observed between 2005 and 2010. Nevertheless, between 2010 and 2016, daily smoking decreased among men aged 25–34 (from 47.9% to 41.4%) and among women aged 15–24 (from 30.0% to 25.2%). Over the same period, the prevalence of daily smoking increased from 35.2% to 37.5% among people in the lowest income bracket, while it decreased from 23.5% to 20.9% among people in the highest income bracket. Disparities based on educational attainment follow a similar trend, reflecting an increase in social inequalities regarding smoking. In France, in 2016, 3.3% of people aged 15–75 used e-cigarettes, with 2.5% doing so daily. Both of these proportions are down compared to 2014. Conclusion: The results of the 2016 Health Barometer call for a determined continuation of the fight against smoking, with a particular focus on ensuring that people living in the most disadvantaged circumstances receive greater attention and specific support to help them quit smoking.