This article presents the status of HIV infection and AIDS in France as of December 31, 2006, based on surveillance systems coordinated by the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS): mandatory reporting of HIV and AIDS, virological surveillance, and surveillance of HIV testing activity. In 2006, five million HIV serology tests were performed, representing a 5% decrease compared to 2005, and the number of confirmed positive serology results decreased by 4%. Taking into account reporting delays and underreporting, it is estimated that approximately 6,300 people learned of their HIV-positive status in 2006 (a decline since 2004), with one-quarter of these individuals having been infected in the six months preceding their diagnosis. Heterosexual intercourse accounted for half of all HIV diagnoses in 2006, with half of these cases involving people from sub-Saharan Africa. The number of HIV diagnoses has nevertheless decreased since 2003 among foreign-born women and since 2005 among foreign-born men. The number of new HIV diagnoses, however, increased among men who have sex with men between 2003 and 2005, then stabilized in 2006. Men who have sex with men account for 29% of all new HIV diagnoses, and 41% of them were infected within six months prior to their diagnosis. The proportion of HIV-2 infections was 2% in 2006. Among HIV-1 infections, the proportion of non-B subtypes, after declining between 2003 and 2005, stabilized in 2006 (42%). The year 2006 was marked by an overall decrease in the number of new HIV diagnoses and AIDS diagnoses, a halt in the rise of new HIV diagnoses among men who have sex with men, and a decrease, among new HIV diagnoses, in the proportion of late-stage diagnoses at the AIDS stage. This encouraging finding must, however, be considered in light of other data, particularly regarding behaviors and use of screening. (R.A.)