In 1997, the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (ISP) established the Air and Health Surveillance Program (PSAS) and has coordinated or contributed to several European projects that have been developed since then. This article reviews the findings of these various projects and studies over the past 15 years and explores avenues for improvement in the implementation of public health protection measures. Since the 1990s, various epidemiological studies have highlighted the persistent health effects of air pollution at current levels. Health impact assessments of air pollution have provided an objective, quantified estimate of the health impacts and benefits that could result from improved air quality on a population’s health. All these studies have illustrated the significant health and economic burden posed by the harmful effects of air pollution. They have also contributed to a shift in perceptions regarding the health impact of air pollution: improvements in public health can only be achieved through a sustainable improvement in air quality. (R.A.)