Background and Objectives. Living near major roadways and traffic-related air pollution have been linked to adverse health effects. The objective of this literature review is to provide an overview of the most relevant intervention studies, published in English, that assess the health impact of changes in air quality specifically attributable to interventions targeting traffic or road transport. Interventions were defined as events aimed at reducing air pollution, or reductions in such pollution occurring as a secondary effect, beginning in 1990. Results. The published studies consistently show that a number of interventions are associated with beneficial health effects, primarily through a reduction in mortality and/or cardiovascular or respiratory morbidity. Conclusions. These findings highlight the health and financial benefits of developing and implementing effective policies in the European Union to reduce, directly or indirectly, air pollution associated with road traffic, and of ensuring compliance over time. (R.A.)