Antibiotic resistance among bacteria responsible for community-acquired respiratory infections (notably Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae) is becoming a major public health problem. The use of antibiotics—whether justified or not—contributes significantly to the development of bacterial resistance. With the aim of reducing the inappropriate use of antibiotics and combating bacterial resistance observed in childhood respiratory infections, a five-year project was launched in France in the Alpes-Maritimes department: the “Antibios quand il faut” campaign by the Study and Prevention Group for Childhood Infections (GEPIE). The InVS contributed to promoting this campaign by conducting an audit in 2002, with the aim of evaluating (1) GEPIE’s educational interventions targeting families and physicians, adapted from methods used by the CDC, and (2) the campaign’s impact on the carriage rate of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae strains among children attending daycare centers and on antibiotic prescriptions for children under 6 years of age. This report is based on the technical assessment conducted by a group of five experts. The GEPIE project served as a model for the national campaign aimed at preserving antibiotic efficacy. This project is also capable—provided efforts are focused on interventions in daycare centers—of providing decisive information on the potential to reduce the carriage of resistant pneumococci among children attending daycare centers, data currently lacking in the international literature. For this reason, the experts recommend that the national campaign now underway take into account the GEPIE experience and that their project receive public funding to achieve the set objectives. (Authors’ abstract)