The health impact assessment (HIA) of air pollution in the urban areas of Nice and Cannes, presented in this report, is consistent with the guidelines of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur regional air quality plan, which sets out strategies to prevent, reduce, or mitigate the effects of air pollution. The short- and long-term health impacts of air pollution are estimated in terms of morbidity (hospital admissions) and premature mortality. Two study areas, where the population’s exposure to air pollution can be considered homogeneous, were selected. The Cannes study area consists of seven municipalities: Antibes, Cannes, Le Cannet, Mandelieu-la-Napoule, Mougins, Théoule-sur-Mer, and Vallauris. The Nice study area comprises the following four municipalities: Nice, Saint-Laurent-du-Var, Cagnes-sur-Mer, and Villeneuve-Loubet. These two areas encompass the main municipalities of the coastal zone from Cannes to Nice and represent a total population of 669,923 inhabitants. Regarding short-term health impacts, the annual number of premature deaths attributable to air pollution amounts to 177 deaths, including 74 deaths from cardiovascular causes and 16 deaths from respiratory causes for the main municipalities in the coastal zone from Cannes to Nice. Calculations of health benefits, based on various air pollution reduction scenarios, show that the most effective scenarios are those involving a 25% reduction in daily levels. Regarding long-term health benefits in the Nice area, compliance with the European standard scheduled for 2010 for annual PM10 levels is expected to prevent 137 deaths out of the total number of deaths recorded in a year. This study shows in particular that health effects occur at pollution levels well below those for which measures are currently being taken, and that the most effective actions would therefore be those that combine daily reductions in emissions at the source with a significant decrease in the number of annual pollution peaks.